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Chapter 18 Review Electricity for Refrigeration Heating and Air Conditioning

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Intentional introduction of outside air into a infinite

Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can as well be used to command indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal condolement, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor environment, or other objectives.

The intentional introduction of outdoor air is normally categorized as either mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation,[ii] or mixed-mode ventilation (hybrid ventilation).

  • Mechanical ventilation is the intentional fan driven menstruum of outdoor air into a building. Mechanical ventilation systems may include supply fans (which push outdoor air into a building), exhaust fans (which depict air out of building and thereby cause equal ventilation flow into a building), or a combination of both. Mechanical ventilation is oftentimes provided by equipment that is also used to rut and cool a space.
  • Natural ventilation is the intentional passive period of outdoor air into a edifice through planned openings (such equally louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outdoor air. Instead, it relies entirely on passive concrete phenomena, such as wind pressure, or the stack effect. Natural ventilation openings may be fixed, or adjustable. Adaptable openings may be controlled automatically (automated), controlled past occupants (operable), or a combination of both. Cross ventilation is a phenomenon of natural ventilation.
  • Mixed-mode ventilation systems apply both mechanical and natural processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used at the same time, or at different times of day, or in different seasons of the year.[3] Since natural ventilation flow depends on environmental weather, it may non always provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or regulate the naturally driven flow.

Ventilation is typically described as separate from infiltration.

  • Infiltration is the circumstantial flow of air from outdoors to indoors through leaks (unplanned openings) in a building envelope. When a building pattern relies on infiltration to maintain indoor air quality, this menstruum has been referred to every bit adventitious ventilation.[4]

The design of buildings that promote occupant health and well being requires clear understanding of the ways that ventilation airflow interacts with, dilutes, displaces or introduces pollutants inside the occupied space. Although ventilation is an integral component to maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory solitary.[five] In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such equally filtration may as well exist necessary. In kitchen ventilation systems, or for laboratory fume hoods, the blueprint of effective effluent capture can be more important than the bulk amount of ventilation in a space. More by and large, the way that an air distribution system causes ventilation to period into and out of a space impacts the ability for a particular ventilation charge per unit to remove internally generated pollutants. The power for a system to reduce pollution in a space is described as its "ventilation effectiveness". However, the overall impacts of ventilation on indoor air quality tin depend on more complex factors such as the sources of pollution, and the means that activities and airflow interact to touch occupant exposure.

An array of factors related to blueprint and performance of ventilation systems are regulated by diverse codes and standards. Standards dealing with the design and operation of ventilation systems for the purpose of achieving acceptable indoor air quality include: ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 62.2, the International Residential Code, the International Mechanical Code, and the United Kingdom Edifice Regulations Part F. Other standards focused on energy conservation besides impact the pattern and functioning of ventilation systems, including: ASHRAE Standard 90.1, and the International Energy Conservation Lawmaking.

In many instances, ventilation for indoor air quality is simultaneously benign for the control of thermal comfort. Increasing the ventilation is essential to enhance the physical health of people.[six] At these times, it can be useful to increase the rate of ventilation beyond the minimum required for indoor air quality. Two examples include air-side economizer cooling and ventilative pre-cooling. In other instances, ventilation for indoor air quality contributes to the need for - and energy utilisation by - mechanical heating and cooling equipment. In hot and humid climates, dehumidification of ventilation air tin be a particularly energy intensive procedure.

Ventilation should exist considered for its human relationship to "venting" for appliances and combustion equipment such as water heaters, furnaces, boilers, and wood stoves. Most importantly, the design of building ventilation must be conscientious to avert the backdraft of combustion products from "naturally vented" appliances into the occupied space. This effect is of greater importance for buildings with more air tight envelopes. To avoid the hazard, many modern combustion appliances employ "direct venting" which draws combustion air directly from outdoors, instead of from the indoor environs.

Ventilation rates for indoor air quality [edit]

The ventilation rate, for CII buildings, is ordinarily expressed past the volumetric flowrate of outdoor air, introduced to the building. The typical units used are cubic feet per infinitesimal (CFM) in the regal arrangement, or liters per 2nd (L/southward) in the metric organisation (even though cubic meter per 2d is the preferred unit for volumetric flow charge per unit in the SI system of units). The ventilation rate can also be expressed on a per person or per unit of measurement floor area basis, such every bit CFM/p or CFM/ft², or every bit air changes per hour (ACH).

Standards for residential buildings [edit]

For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, a mutual ventilation rate measure is the air change charge per unit (or air changes per 60 minutes): the hourly ventilation charge per unit divided by the book of the infinite (I or ACH; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.l to 0.41 in a tightly air-sealed firm to 1.11 to i.47 in a loosely air-sealed house.[7]

ASHRAE now recommends ventilation rates dependent upon flooring expanse, as a revision to the 62-2001 standard, in which the minimum ACH was 0.35, but no less than fifteen CFM/person (7.1 L/due south/person). As of 2003, the standard has been changed to 3 CFM/100 sq. ft. (xv L/s/100 sq. yard.) plus seven.5 CFM/person (3.v L/south/person).[eight]

Standards for commercial buildings [edit]

Ventilation charge per unit procedure [edit]

Ventilation Charge per unit Process is rate based on standard and prescribes the charge per unit at which ventilation air must be delivered to a space and various means to condition that air.[nine] Air quality is assessed (through CO2 measurement) and ventilation rates are mathematically derived using constants. Indoor Air Quality Process uses 1 or more guidelines for the specification of acceptable concentrations of certain contaminants in indoor air merely does not prescribe ventilation rates or air handling methods.[9] This addresses both quantitative and subjective evaluations, and is based on the Ventilation Rate Procedure. It too accounts for potential contaminants that may have no measured limits, or for which no limits are not ready (such equally formaldehyde offgassing from carpet and article of furniture).

Natural ventilation [edit]

Natural ventilation harnesses naturally bachelor forces to supply and remove air in an enclosed space. Poor ventilation in rooms is identified to significantly increase the localised mouldy smell in specific places of the room including room corners.[half-dozen] There are iii types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation, pressure-driven flows, and stack ventilation.[10] The pressures generated past 'the stack effect' rely upon the buoyancy of heated or rising air. Wind driven ventilation relies upon the force of the prevailing wind to pull and push air through the enclosed space equally well as through breaches in the building's envelope.

Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally.[11] The technique was generally abandoned in larger U.s.a. buildings during the late 20th century as the use of ac became more than widespread. However, with the advent of advanced Building Performance Simulation (BPS) software, improved Building Automation Systems (BAS), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) design requirements, and improved window manufacturing techniques; natural ventilation has made a resurgence in commercial buildings both globally and throughout the US.[12]

The benefits of natural ventilation include:

  • Improved Indoor air quality (IAQ)
  • Energy savings
  • Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
  • Occupant control
  • Reduction in occupant disease associated with Sick building syndrome
  • Increased worker productivity

Techniques and architectural features used to ventilate buildings and structures naturally include, merely are not limited to:

  • Operable windows
  • Night purge ventilation
  • Clerestory windows and vented skylights
  • Building orientation
  • Wind capture façades

Mechanical ventilation [edit]

Primary article: HVAC

Mechanical ventilation of buildings and structures can be achieved past apply of the post-obit techniques:

  • Whole-business firm ventilation
  • Mixing ventilation
  • Displacement ventilation
  • Dedicated subaerial air supply

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) [edit]

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV, also known every bit Demand Control Ventilation) makes it possible to maintain air quality while conserving energy.[13] [14] ASHRAE has determined that: "It is consistent with the ventilation rate procedure that demand control be permitted for use to reduce the full outdoor air supply during periods of less occupancy." [xv] In a DCV organisation, CO2 sensors control the amount of ventilation.[xvi] [17] During peak occupancy, CO2 levels rising, and the system adjusts to deliver the aforementioned amount of outdoor air as would be used past the ventilation-rate procedure.[eighteen] Notwithstanding, when spaces are less occupied, COtwo levels reduce, and the system reduces ventilation to conserves energy. DCV is a well-established practice,[19] and is required in high occupancy spaces by building free energy standards such as ASHRAE 90.one.[xx]

Personalized ventilation [edit]

Personalized ventilation is an air distribution strategy that allows individuals to command the amount of ventilation received. The approach evangelize fresh air more directly to the breathing zone and aims to meliorate air quality of inhaled air. Personalized ventilation provides a much higher ventilation effectiveness than conventional mixing ventilation systems by displacing pollution from the animate zone far less air volume. Beyond improved air quality benefits, the strategy can also improve occupant'due south thermal comfort, perceived air quality, and overall satisfaction with the indoor environs. Private's preferences for temperature and air motility are not equal, so traditional approaches to homogeneous environmental command take failed to achieve high occupant satisfaction. Techniques such every bit personalized ventilation facilitate control of a more diverse thermal environment that can meliorate thermal satisfaction for most occupants.

Local exhaust ventilation [edit]

Local frazzle ventilation addresses the event of avoiding the contamination of indoor air by specific high-emission sources past capturing airborne contaminants before they are spread into the environment. This can include water vapor control, lavatory bioeffluent command, solvent vapors from industrial processes, and dust from wood- and metal-working mechanism. Air tin be wearied through pressurized hoods or through the use of fans and pressurizing a specific area.[21]
A local exhaust arrangement is composed of 5 basic parts

  1. A hood that captures the contaminant at its source
  2. Ducts for transporting the air
  3. An air-cleaning device that removes/minimizes the contaminant
  4. A fan that moves the air through the system
  5. An exhaust stack through which the contaminated air is discharged[21]

In the Great britain, the use of LEV systems have regulations gear up out past the Health and Condom Executive (HSE) which are referred to as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (CoSHH). Under CoSHH, legislation is set out to protect users of LEV systems by ensuring that all equipment is tested at to the lowest degree every fourteen months to ensure the LEV systems are performing fairly. All parts of the organisation must be visually inspected and thoroughly tested and where any parts are constitute to be defective, the inspector must issue a scarlet label to identify the defective part and the issue.

The owner of the LEV system must then have the lacking parts repaired or replaced before the system tin be used.

Smart ventilation [edit]

Smart ventilation is a process to continually arrange the ventilation arrangement in time, and optionally by location, to provide the desired IAQ benefits while minimizing energy consumption, utility bills and other non-IAQ costs (such as thermal discomfort or dissonance). A smart ventilation arrangement adjusts ventilation rates in time or by location in a edifice to be responsive to one or more of the following: occupancy, outdoor thermal and air quality conditions, electricity grid needs, direct sensing of contaminants, performance of other air moving and air cleaning systems. In addition, smart ventilation systems can provide information to building owners, occupants, and managers on operational energy consumption and indoor air quality equally well as betoken when systems need maintenance or repair. Being responsive to occupancy means that a smart ventilation system can adjust ventilation depending on demand such as reducing ventilation if the edifice is unoccupied. Smart ventilation can time-shift ventilation to periods when a) indoor-outdoor temperature differences are smaller (and away from peak outdoor temperatures and humidity), b) when indoor-outdoor temperatures are appropriate for ventilative cooling, or c) when outdoor air quality is acceptable. Being responsive to electricity grid needs means providing flexibility to electricity demand (including direct signals from utilities) and integration with electric grid control strategies. Smart ventilation systems can take sensors to detect air catamenia, systems pressures or fan energy utilisation in such a way that systems failures can be detected and repaired, besides as when system components demand maintenance, such equally filter replacement.[22]

Ventilation and combustion [edit]

Combustion (in a fireplace, gas heater, candle, oil lamp, etc.) consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and other unhealthy gases and smoke, requiring ventilation air. An open up chimney promotes infiltration (i.e. natural ventilation) considering of the negative pressure alter induced past the buoyant, warmer air leaving through the chimney. The warm air is typically replaced by heavier, cold air.

Ventilation in a construction is also needed for removing water vapor produced by respiration, burning, and cooking, and for removing odors. If water vapor is permitted to accrue, information technology may impairment the construction, insulation, or finishes.[ citation needed ] When operating, an air conditioner usually removes backlog moisture from the air. A dehumidifier may also be advisable for removing airborne wet.

Adding for acceptable ventilation charge per unit [edit]

Ventilation guidelines are based upon the minimum ventilation rate required to maintain acceptable levels of bioeffluents. Carbon dioxide is used as a reference point, every bit information technology is the gas of highest emission at a relatively constant value of 0.005 L/due south. The mass rest equation is:

Q = G/(Ci − Ca)

  • Q = ventilation charge per unit (L/s)
  • G = COii generation rate
  • Ci = adequate indoor CO2 concentration
  • Ca = ambient CO2 concentration[23]

Smoking and ventilation [edit]

ASHRAE standard 62 states that air removed from an area with environmental tobacco smoke shall not be recirculated into ETS-complimentary air. A space with ETS requires more ventilation to accomplish like perceived air quality to that of a not-smoking environment.

The corporeality of ventilation in an ETS expanse is equal to the corporeality of ETS-costless surface area plus the amount V, where:

V = DSD × VA × A/60E

  • V = recommended extra menstruation rate in CFM (Fifty/s)
  • DSD = design smoking density (estimated number of cigarettes smoked per 60 minutes per unit area)
  • VA = volume of ventilation air per cigarette for the room existence designed (ft3/cig)
  • E = contaminant removal effectiveness[24]

History [edit]

Archaic ventilation systems were institute at the Pločnik archeological site (belonging to the Vinča culture) in Serbia and were built into early copper smelting furnaces. The furnace, built on the exterior of the workshop, featured earthen pipe-like air vents with hundreds of tiny holes in them and a prototype chimney to ensure air goes into the furnace to feed the burn and smoke comes out safely.[25]

Passive ventilation and passive cooling systems were widely written virtually around the Mediterranean by Classical times. Both sources of heat and sources of cooling (such as fountains and subterranean estrus reservoirs) were used to drive air apportionment, and buildings were designed to encourage or exclude drafts, according to climate and function. Public bathhouses were ofttimes particularly sophisticated in their heating and cooling. Icehouses are some millennia old, and were part of a well-developed ice industry by classical times.

The evolution of forced ventilation was spurred past the common conventionalities in the late 18th and early 19th century in the miasma theory of affliction, where stagnant 'airs' were thought to spread illness. An early method of ventilation was the use of a ventilating fire well-nigh an air vent which would forcibly cause the air in the edifice to broadcast. English engineer John Theophilus Desaguliers provided an early example of this, when he installed ventilating fires in the air tubes on the roof of the Business firm of Commons. Starting with the Covent Garden Theatre, gas burning chandeliers on the ceiling were often peculiarly designed to perform a ventilating part.

Mechanical systems [edit]

The Central Tower of the Palace of Westminster. This octagonal spire was for ventilation purposes, in the more circuitous system imposed by Reid on Barry, in which it was to describe air out of the Palace. The design was for artful disguise of its function.[26] [27]

A more sophisticated organisation involving the apply of mechanical equipment to circulate the air was developed in the mid 19th century. A basic organisation of bellows was put in identify to ventilate Newgate Prison and outlying buildings, by the engineer Stephen Hales in the mid-1700s. The problem with these early on devices was that they required abiding homo labour to operate. David Boswell Reid was called to testify before a Parliamentary committee on proposed architectural designs for the new Firm of Commons, after the sometime one burned down in a fire in 1834.[26] In January 1840 Reid was appointed by the committee for the House of Lords dealing with the construction of the replacement for the Houses of Parliament. The post was in the capacity of ventilation engineer, in event; and with its cosmos in that location began a long series of quarrels between Reid and Charles Barry, the builder.[28]

Reid advocated the installation of a very advanced ventilation system in the new House. His design had air being drawn into an surreptitious chamber, where it would undergo either heating or cooling. It would then ascend into the sleeping room through thousands of minor holes drilled into the floor, and would be extracted through the ceiling by a special ventilation fire inside a great stack.[29]

Reid's reputation was made by his work in Westminster. He was deputed for an air quality survey in 1837 by the Leeds and Selby Railway in their tunnel.[30] The steam vessels built for the Niger expedition of 1841 were fitted with ventilation systems based on Reid's Westminster model.[31] Air was dried, filtered and passed over charcoal.[32] [33] Reid'due south ventilation method was also applied more than fully to St. George's Hall, Liverpool, where the architect, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, requested that Reid should be involved in ventilation design.[34] Reid considered this the only building in which his system was completely carried out.[35]

Fans [edit]

With the advent of practical steam power, fans could finally be used for ventilation. Reid installed four steam powered fans in the ceiling of St George'southward Hospital in Liverpool, then that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling. Reid's pioneering work provides the ground for ventilation systems to this day.[29] He was remembered equally "Dr. Reid the ventilator" in the 20-commencement century in discussions of energy efficiency, by Lord Wade of Chorlton.[36]

History and development of ventilation charge per unit standards [edit]

Ventilating a space with fresh air aims to avoid "bad air". The study of what constitutes bad air dates dorsum to the 1600s, when the scientist Mayow studied asphyxia of animals in confined bottles.[37] The poisonous component of air was later identified as carbon dioxide (CO2), past Lavoisier in the very late 1700s, starting a argue as to the nature of "bad air" which humans perceive to be stuffy or unpleasant. Early hypotheses included backlog concentrations of COtwo and oxygen depletion. However, by the late 1800s, scientists idea biological contamination, not oxygen or COtwo, as the chief component of unacceptable indoor air. Nevertheless, information technology was noted as early as 1872 that CO2 concentration closely correlates to perceived air quality.

The first approximate of minimum ventilation rates was developed past Tredgold in 1836.[38] This was followed by subsequent studies on the topic by Billings [39] in 1886 and Flugge in 1905. The recommendations of Billings and Flugge were incorporated into numerous building codes from 1900–1920s, and published equally an industry standard by ASHVE (the predecessor to ASHRAE) in 1914.[37]

Study continued into the varied effects of thermal comfort, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and biological contaminants. Research was conducted with humans subjects controlled test chambers. 2 studies, published between 1909 and 1911, showed that carbon dioxide was not the offending component. Subjects remained satisfied in chambers with loftier levels of CO2, and then long equally the chamber remained absurd.[37] (Subsequently, information technology has been determined that COtwo is, in fact, harmful at concentrations over 50,000ppm[40])

ASHVE began a robust inquiry effort in 1919. Past 1935, ASHVE funded inquiry conducted by Lemberg, Brandt, and Morse – once again using human subjects in test chambers – suggested the master component of "bad air" was odor, perceived by the man olfactory fretfulness.[41] Homo response to odour was constitute to be logarithmic to contaminant concentrations, and related to temperature. At lower, more comfy temperatures, lower ventilation rates were satisfactory. A 1936-human being exam sleeping room written report by Yaglou, Riley, and Coggins culminated much of this effort, considering smell, room book, occupant historic period, cooling equipment effects, and recirculated air implications, which provided guidance for ventilation rates.[42] The Yaglou research has been validated, and adopted into industry standards, start with the ASA lawmaking in 1946. From this research base of operations, ASHRAE (having replaced ASHVE) developed space by space recommendations, and published them equally ASHRAE Standard 62-1975: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality.

As more architecture incorporated mechanical ventilation, the cost of outdoor air ventilation came under some scrutiny. In 1973, in response to the 1973 oil crunch and conservation concerns, ASHRAE Standards 62-73 and 62-81) reduced required ventilation from 10 CFM (4.76 L/south) per person to 5 CFM (two.37 L/s) per person. In common cold, warm, humid, or dusty climates, information technology is preferable to minimize ventilation with outdoor air to conserve free energy, cost, or filtration. This critique (e.m. Tiller[43]) led ASHRAE to reduce outdoor ventilation rates in 1981, particularly in non-smoking areas. However subsequent research past Fanger,[44] Due west. Cain, and Janssen validated the Yaglou model. The reduced ventilation rates was found to be a contributing factor to ill building syndrome.[45]

The 1989 ASHRAE standard (Standard 62-89) states that appropriate ventilation guidelines are xx CFM (9.2 50/southward) per person in an office edifice, and xv CFM (seven.1 L/s) per person for schools, while the 2004 Standard 62.1-2004 has lower recommendations over again (meet tables below). ANSI/ASHRAE (Standard 62-89) speculated that "comfort (odor) criteria are likely to be satisfied if the ventilation rate is set so that 1,000 ppm CO2 is non exceeded"[46] while OSHA has set a limit of 5000 ppm over eight hours.[47]

Historical ventilation rates
Author or source Year Ventilation rate (IP) Ventilation charge per unit (SI) Basis or rationale
Tredgold 1836 iv CFM per person 2 50/s per person Basic metabolic needs, breathing rate, and candle burning
Billings 1895 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Indoor air hygiene, preventing spread of disease
Flugge 1905 30 CFM per person 15 L/s per person Excessive temperature or unpleasant smell
ASHVE 1914 30 CFM per person 15 L/southward per person Based on Billings, Flugge and contemporaries
Early on US Codes 1925 30 CFM per person 15 Fifty/s per person Same as in a higher place
Yaglou 1936 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/south per person Odor command, outdoor air every bit a fraction of full air
ASA 1946 xv CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Yahlou and contemporaries
ASHRAE 1975 15 CFM per person vii.v 50/s per person Same equally higher up
ASHRAE 1981 x CFM per person 5 Fifty/s per person For non-smoking areas, reduced.
ASHRAE 1989 xv CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Fanger, Westward. Cain, and Janssen

ASHRAE continues to publish infinite-by-space ventilation charge per unit recommendations, which are decided by a consensus commission of manufacture experts. The modern descendants of ASHRAE standard 62-1975 are ASHRAE Standard 62.1, for non-residential spaces, and ASHRAE 62.2 for residences.

In 2004, the adding method was revised to include both an occupant-based contamination component and an expanse–based contamination component.[48] These two components are additive, to make it at an overall ventilation charge per unit. The modify was made to recognize that densely populated areas were sometimes overventilated (leading to higher energy and cost) using a per-person methodology.

Occupant Based Ventilation Rates,[48] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

IP Units SI Units Category Examples
0 cfm/person 0 L/south/person Spaces where ventilation requirements are primarily associated with edifice elements, not occupants. Storage Rooms, Warehouses
five cfm/person 2.5 L/south/person Spaces occupied past adults, engaged in low levels of action Role space
7.5 cfm/person iii.5 50/due south/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in higher levels of activity, but not strenuous, or activities generating more contaminants Retail spaces, lobbies
10 cfm/person 5 L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in more strenuous activeness, but not exercise, or activities generating more contaminants Classrooms, school settings
20 cfm/person x L/s/person Spaces where occupants are engaged in practice, or activities generating many contaminants dance floors, do rooms

Expanse-based ventilation rates,[48] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

IP Units SI Units Category Examples
0.06 cfm/ftii 0.30 50/s/thousand2 Spaces where space contagion is normal, or similar to an office environs Conference rooms, lobbies
0.12 cfm/ft2 0.threescore L/s/thou2 Spaces where space contagion is significantly higher than an office environment Classrooms, museums
0.18 cfm/ft2 0.xc Fifty/southward/m2 Spaces where space contamination is even higher than the previous category Laboratories, fine art classrooms
0.30 cfm/ft2 ane.5 50/due south/one thousand2 Specific spaces in sports or entertainment where contaminants are released Sports, amusement
0.48 cfm/ft2 2.iv L/due south/1000two Reserved for indoor swimming areas, where chemical concentrations are loftier Indoor swimming areas

The add-on of occupant- and area-based ventilation rates institute in the tables above oft results in significantly reduced rates compared to the sometime standard. This is compensated in other sections of the standard which require that this minimum corporeality of air is actually delivered to the breathing zone of the individual occupant at all times. The total outdoor air intake of the ventilation system (in multiple-zone variable air volume (VAV) systems) might therefore be similar to the airflow required by the 1989 standard.
From 1999 to 2010, there was considerable development of the awarding protocol for ventilation rates. These advancements address occupant- and process-based ventilation rates, room ventilation effectiveness, and system ventilation effectiveness[49]

Problems [edit]

  • In hot, humid climates, unconditioned ventilation air volition deliver approximately one pound of h2o each twenty-four hour period for each cfm of outdoor air per day, annual boilerplate. This is a great deal of moisture, and it tin can create serious indoor wet and mold problems.
  • Ventilation efficiency is determined by design and layout, and is dependent upon placement and proximity of diffusers and return air outlets. If they are located closely together, supply air may mix with dried air, decreasing efficiency of the HVAC system, and creating air quality issues.
  • Organization imbalances occur when components of the HVAC system are improperly adjusted or installed, and can create pressure differences (besides much circulating air creating a typhoon or too niggling circulating air creating stagnancy).
  • Cross-contamination occurs when pressure level differences ascend, forcing potentially contaminated air from i zone to an uncontaminated zone. This frequently involves undesired odors or VOCs.
  • Re-entry of exhaust air occurs when exhaust outlets and fresh air intakes are either besides shut, or prevailing winds change exhaust patterns, or by infiltration betwixt intake and exhaust air flows.
  • Entrainment of contaminated outdoor air through intake flows will effect in indoor air contamination. In that location are a variety of contaminated air sources, ranging from industrial effluent to VOCs put off past nearby construction work.[50]

See too [edit]

  • Architectural engineering
  • Biological safety
  • Ecology tobacco fume
  • Fume hood
  • Head-stop ability
  • Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
  • Heat recovery ventilation
  • Mechanical engineering science
  • Room air distribution
  • Sick edifice syndrome
  • Solar chimney
  • Windcatcher

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the ASHRAE Handbook, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005
  3. ^ de Gids Due west.F., Jicha Thou., 2010. "Ventilation Information Paper 32: Hybrid Ventilation Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Motorcar", Air Infiltration and Ventilation Heart (AIVC), 2010
  4. ^ Schiavon, Stefano (2014). "Adventitious ventilation: a new definition for an former mode?". Indoor Air. 24 (6): 557–558. doi:10.1111/ina.12155. ISSN 1600-0668. PMID 25376521.
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  12. ^ Shaqe, Erlet. Sustainable Architectural Design.
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  22. ^ Air Infiltration and Ventilation Center (AIVC). "What is smart ventilation?", AIVC, 2018
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External links [edit]

Air Infiltration & Ventilation Center (AIVC) [edit]

  • Publications from the Air Infiltration & Ventilation Centre (AIVC)

International Free energy Bureau (IEA) Free energy in Buildings and Communities Program (EBC) [edit]

  • Publications from the International Energy Bureau (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities Plan (EBC) ventilation related enquiry projects-annexes:
    • EBC Annex ix Minimum Ventilation Rates
    • EBC Annex eighteen Need Controlled Ventilation Systems
    • EBC Annex 26 Energy Efficient Ventilation of Large Enclosures
    • EBC Annex 27 Evalutation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation Systems
    • EBC Addendum 35 Control Strategies for Hybrid Ventilation in New and Retrofitted Office Buildings (HYBVENT)
    • EBC Annex 62 Ventilative Cooling

International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate [edit]

  • Indoor Air Journal
  • Indoor Air Conference Proceedings

American Club of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) [edit]

  • ASHRAE Standard 62.one - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
  • ASHRAE Standard 62.2 - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)

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